|
Vitamin |
Function |
Deficit |
Water Soluble |
|
|
|
B1
thiamine |
Carbohydrate
metabolism – big demand by nerve tissue; pyruvate ®acetyl CoA, oxidation of alcohol, synthesis
of pentose sugars |
Beriberi
(polished white rice – lose bran and germ layers – we enrich rice in USA),
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome |
|
B2
riboflavin |
Coenzymes FAD and FMN |
Dermatitis;
one of the most common vitamin deficiencies |
|
Niacin
(B3) |
NAD+
and NADP; inhibits cholesterol synthesis |
Pellagra
after long deprivation (rare in US) 3 D’s: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis –
eventually death; excess can cause liver damage |
|
Biotin |
Coenzyme
for carboxylation, decarboxylation, deamination reactions; essential for Krebs cycle reactions, formation of
purines and nonessential amino acids, use
of amino acids for energy, Neurotransmitter
synthesis: serotonin, GABA, DOPA, norepinephrine |
Dermatitis,
fatigue |
|
B6
pyridoxine |
Amino
acid metabolism, glycogenolysis, formation of antibodies and hemoglobin |
Anemia in
infants
|
|
Pantothenic
acid (B5) |
Coenzyme
A; pyruvic acid ® acetyl CoA, fatty acid
oxidation and synthesis, synthesis of steroids and heme of hemoglobin |
Vague
symptoms |
|
B12 |
Red
blood cell division in bone marrow, coenzyme in all cells |
Pernicious
anemia, requries intrinsic factor to be absorbed |
|
Folate |
RBC
formation, amino acid synthesis, normal neural tube development |
Anemia,
spina bifida risk in newborns |
|
C |
Antioxidant,
C.T. formation, conversion of tryptophan to serotonin, cholesterol to bile
salts, enhances iron absorbtion |
Scurvy,
poor wound healing, poor tooth and bone growth |
Fat Soluble |
|
|
|
A |
Photoreceptor
pigment of rods and cones, integrity of skin and mucosa, antioxidant,
resistance to bacterial infections |
Night
blindness, dry skin and hair, most prevalent vitamin deficiency in the world
but toxic at high doses |
|
D |
Enhances
calcium absorption, with PTH mobilizes calcium from bones; maintains blood
calcium levels. |
Rickets
in children, osteomalacia in adults |
|
E |
Antioxidant |
Rare/hemolytic
anemia/nerve destruction |
|
K |
Formation
of gamma-carboxy glutamate residues on clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X. |
Easy
bruising and prolonged bleeding times |
|
Major
minerals (> 100 mg daily) |
Function |
|
Calcium |
Bones,
teeth, muscle contraction, blood clotting |
|
Sodium |
Fluid
and electrolyte balance and nerve impulse transmission |
|
Chloride |
Fluid
and electrolyte balance |
|
Potassium |
Fluid
and electrolyte balance and cell integrity; nerves and muscles |
|
Phosphorus |
Bones,
teeth, ATP, metabolic intermediates, enzyme activation/deactivation, nucleic
acids |
|
Magnesium |
Bone
mineralization, muscle contraction, nerve impulses |
|
Sulfur |
Component
of cysteine, makes disulfide bridges in proteins |
|
Trace
minerals < 100mg daily |
Functions |
|
Iron |
Hemoglobin,
binds oxygen, part of electron transport chain |
|
Zinc |
Cofactor
of many enzymes, involved in taste, vitamin A transport, insulin action,
wound healing |
|
Iodide |
Thyroxine |
|
Copper |
Oxidase
enzymes (cytochrome C oxidase), electron transport chain, iron absorption and
utilization |
|
Fluoride |
Increases
hardness of bones and teeth |
|
Chromium |
Potentiates
insulin activity, exposure to high levels of chromium dust associated with
lung cancer |
|
Selenium |
Part
of glutathione peroxidase, a synergistic antioxidant with vitamin E |